Citing Sources: APA

APA requires in-text citations and a reference list.  References are cited in-text with author-date system and are listed alphabetically by author name in the Reference List.

Author names are inverted.  Example: Smith, J.D.

Reference lists should be double-spaced and in hanging indent format (indented 5 spaces).

Book titles and journal titles are italicized.  Article titles are not italicized.

Full journal titles are used rather than journal title abbreviations.

Include DOIs for online articles.  If DOI isn't available, include journal homepage URL.

If you have an article citation without a DOI, you can look up the DOI at CrossRef.org.

Likewise, if you have a DOI but not the citation information, you can look up the citation at DOI.org.

Some articles and journals do not provide DOIs--it is the publisher's preference to include or not to include a DOI. When citing an article without a DOI, check the style manual (AMA, APA, etc.) for guidance.

Provide the DOI when it is available.  If the DOI is not available, provide the URL of the journal's homepage.  Do not list a retrieval date.  Do not put a period at the end of the URL or DOI.

Print articles are cited exactly like online articles except there is no DOI or URL included.

Reference List:

Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors. Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name. 

In-text Citations:

For a work with three or more authors, list only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

1 - 2 Authors:

Cropley, T. G. (2008). Dermatology and skin disease in the American Civil War. Dermatology Nursing, 20, 29-33.

(Cropley, 2008)

Rowney, R., & Barton, G. (2005). The role of public health nursing in emergency preparedness and response. Nursing Clinics of North America, 40, 499-509.

(Rowney & Barton, 2008)

3 or More Authors:

Arya, R., Dabral, D., Faruquee, H. M., Mazumdar, H., Patgiri, S. J., Deka, T., Basumatary, R., Kupa, R. U., Semy, C., Kapfo, W., Liegise, K., Kaur, I., Choedon, T., Kumar, P., Behera, R. K., Deori, P., Nath, R., Khalo, K., Saikia, L., . . . Nanda, R. K. (2020). Serum Small Extracellular Vesicles Proteome of Tuberculosis Patients Demonstrated Deregulated Immune Response. Proteomics Clin Appl, 14(1), e1900062. https://doi.org/10.1002/prca.201900062 

(Arya et al., 2020)

Online Articles with DOI or URL:

Rowney, R., & Barton, G. (2005). The Role of Public Health Nursing in Emergency Preparedness and Response. In Nursing Clinics of North America (Vol. 40, Issue 3, pp. 499–509). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2005.04.005

Rowney, R. & Barton, G. (2005). The role of public health nursing in emergency preparedness and response. Nursing Clinics of North America, 40, 499-509.  http://www.nursing.theclinics.com/

A DOI is an alphanumerical string that identifies content and gives a link to its location on the internet.

A URL specifies the digital information location that can be found in the address bar.

Print and online books are cited the same way.  If you used the online version, specify which provider you used and give the URL of the provider's homepage.  Do not list a retrieval date and do not put a period at the end of the URL. APA 7 advises to include a DOI, if available, even when using a print source.

Authors/Editors:

Ropper A.H., Samuels M.A., Klein J.P., & Prasad S(Eds.). (2023). Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology(12th ed.). McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine.com

(Ropper et al., 2023)

Frumkin, H. (2016). Environmental Health : From Global to Local. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

(Frumkin, 2016)

Kaplan, C., Turner, G. S., & Warrell, D. A. (1986). Rabies: The facts.  New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

(Kaplan et al., 1986)

Bartlett, J. D., Jaanus, S. D., Fiscella, R. G., Holdeman, N. R., & Propkopich, C. L. (Eds.). (2008). Clinical ocular pharmacology. St. Louis, MO: Butterworth-Heinemann.

(Bartlett et al., 2008)

Book chapters are cited the same way as books and articles. 

Ogden, R. K., Goldman, M., & Wiseman, R. (2015). Clinical touch and cultural competence. In K. E. Nelson & T. Glonek (Eds.), Somatic dysfunction in osteopathic family medicine (pp. 16-32). Wolters-Kluwer.

(Ogden et al., 2015)

Websites, email, and personal communications are not listed in the Reference List.  They should be included as in-text citations.

Blog Post:

Reynolds, G. (2012, April 11). How exercise can prime the brain for addiction [Blog post].  http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/how-exercise-can-prime-the-brain-for-addiction/

(Reynolds, 2012)

Webpage:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 23). About Capillariasis. https://www.cdc.gov/capillaria/about/index.html

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024)

Email:

Emails are not included in your reference list but should be cited in the main text.

(John Doe, Ph.D., E-Mail Communication, August 29, 2024)

UpToDate is cited the same way as a book/book chapter. 

McCulloch, D. K. (2017). Overview of medical care in adults with diabetes mellitus. In: A.G. Hoppin (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com

Bhandari, J., Bressler, S., & Campbell, D. (2018, December)  How Much is Your Weight Worth? Foundations of Modern Health Care Population Health Poster Day, Dothan, AL.

Bhandari, J. (2019, September) Identification of Essential Genes in Platinum-Resistant High-Grade Serous Ovarian Adenocarcinoma. Society of Hospital Medicine, Dothan, AL.

There is not a specific APA-approved format for citing honors and awards you have received.  The format will depend on how your CV is formatted, but you want to include all pertinent information.  For instance, if this poster received an award for "Best Citation," the following information should be listed on the CV:

Best Citation
“How much is your weight worth?”
Foundations of Modern Health Care Population Health Poster Day
December 2018