Citing Sources: APA

APA requires in-text citations and a reference list.  References are cited in-text with author-date system and are listed alphabetically by author name in the reference list.

Author names are inverted (e.g., Smith, J. D.).

If you have an article citation without a DOI, you can look up the DOI at CrossRef.org.

Likewise, if you have a DOI but not the citation information, you can look up the citation at DOI.org.

Some articles and journals do not provide DOIs--it is the publisher's preference to include or not to include a DOI. When citing an article without a DOI, check the style manual (AMA, APA, etc.) for guidance.

Provide the DOI when available in the format https://doi.org/...

If no DOI is available, provide a direct URL to the article instead of the journal’s homepage URL.

Do not include a retrieval date unless the content is designed to change over time (e.g., wikis).

Do not place a period at the end of a DOI or URL.

Print articles are cited the same as online articles, except they do not include a DOI or URL.

Reference List Formatting:

• List up to 20 authors using last name and initials, separating names with commas.
• Use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name.
• For works with 21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis (...), and add the final author's name without an ampersand.
• Reference lists should be double-spaced and formatted with a ½-inch hanging indent.
• Use italicization for book titles and journal titles.
• Article titles should be in sentence case (capitalize only the first word and proper nouns).
• Journal titles should be in title case (capitalize major words) and italicized.
• Journal volume numbers should be italicized, while issue numbers should be in parentheses and not italicized.
• Full journal titles are used rather than abbreviations.

In-text Citations:

• For works with one or two authors, cite both names every time:

Parenthetical citation: (Rowney & Barton, 2005)

Narrative citation: Rowney and Barton (2005)

• For works with three or more authors, cite only the first author followed by "et al." in every citation:

Parenthetical citation: (Arya et al., 2020)

Narrative citation: Arya et al. (2020)

• If multiple sources with the same first author and year exist, provide as many authors as needed to distinguish them.

1 - 2 Authors:

Cropley, T. G. (2008). Dermatology and skin disease in the American Civil War. Dermatology Nursing, 20(1), 29 - 33. 

http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=ovftj&NEWS=N&AN=00002257-200802000-00007

Parenthetical citation: (Cropley, 2008)

Narrative citation: Cropley (2008)

Rowney, R., & Barton, G. (2005). The role of public health nursing in emergency preparedness and response. Nursing Clinics of North America, 40(3), 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2005.04.005

Parenthetical citation: (Rowney & Barton, 2005)

Narrative citation: Rowney and Barton (2005)

3 or More Authors:

Arya, R., Dabral, D., Faruquee, H. M., Mazumdar, H., Patgiri, S. J., Deka, T., Basumatary, R., Kupa, R. U., Semy, C., Kapfo, W., Liegise, K., Kaur, I., Choedon, T., Kumar, P., Behera, R. K., Deori, P., Nath, R., Khalo, K., Saikia, L., . . . Nanda, R. K. (2020). Serum small extracellular vesicles proteome of tuberculosis patients demonstrated deregulated immune response. Proteomics Clinical Applications, 14(1), e1900062. https://doi.org/10.1002/prca.201900062 

Parenthetical citation: (Arya et al., 2020)

Narrative citation: Arya et al. (2020)

Online Articles with DOI or URL:

Rowney, R., & Barton, G. (2005). The role of public health nursing in emergency preparedness and response. Nursing

Clinics of North America, 40(3), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2005.04.005 

A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a permanent, unique identifier for an article and should be presented in the https://doi.org/... format.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web address where content is hosted, but it may change over time.

Print and online books are cited the same way.

If available, include the DOI (formatted as a hyperlink: https://doi.org/...).

Do not include a retrieval date.

Authors/Editors:

Ropper A.H., Samuels M.A., Klein J.P., & Prasad S(Eds.). (2023). Adams and Victor's principles of neurology (12th

ed.). McGraw Hill Education. https://accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.acom.idm.oclc.org/book.aspx?

bookid=3313

Parenthetical citation: (Ropper et al., 2023)

Narrative citation: Ropper et al. (2023)

Frumkin, H. (2016). Environmental health : From global to local. John Wiley & Sons.

http://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Parenthetical citation: (Frumkin, 2016)

Narrative citation: Frumkin (2016)

Kaplan, C., Turner, G. S., & Warrell, D. A. (1986). Rabies: The facts.  Oxford University Press.

Parenthetical citation: (Kaplan et al., 1986)

Narrative citation: Kaplan et al. (1986)

Book chapters are cited the same way as books and articles. 

Ogden, R. K., Goldman, M., & Wiseman, R. (2015). Clinical touch and cultural competence. In K. E. Nelson & T. Glonek

(Eds.), Somatic dysfunction in osteopathic family medicine (pp. 16-32). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

https://osteopathicmedicine.lwwhealthlibrary.com/content.aspx?bookid=1015&sectionid=61525188

Parenthetical citation: (Ogden et al., 2015)

Narrative citation: Ogden et al. (2015)

Websites, email, and personal communications are not listed in the Reference List.  They should be included as in-text citations.

Blog Post:

Reynolds, G. (2012, April 11). How exercise can prime the brain for addiction. The New York Times.   

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/how-exercise-can-prime-the-brain-for-addiction/

Parenthetical citation: (Reynolds, 2012)

Narrative citation: Reynolds (2012)

Webpage:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 23). About capillariasis. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/capillaria/about/index.html

Parenthetical citation: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024)

Narrative citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024)

Email:

Emails are not included in your reference list but should be cited in the main text.

(John Doe, Ph.D., E-Mail Communication, August 29, 2024)

UpToDate is cited the same way as a book/book chapter. 

Wexler, D.J. (2025). Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. Retrieved

March 26, 2025, from https://www-uptodate-com.acom.idm.oclc.org/contents/overview-of-general-medical-care-in-

nonpregnant-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus

Parenthetical citation:  (Wexler, 2025)

Narrative citation:  Wexler (2025)

Bhandari, J., Bressler, S., & Campbell, D. (2018, December 1).  How much is your weight worth? [Poster

Presentation]. Foundations of Modern Health Care Population Health Poster Day, Dothan, AL.

Bhandari, J. (2019, September 22). Identification of essential genes in platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian

adenocarcinoma. [Oral Presentation]. Society of Hospital Medicine, Dothan, AL.

Parenthetical citation:  (Bhandari, 2018)

Narrative citation:  Bhandari (2018)

There is not a specific APA-approved format for citing honors and awards you have received.  The format will depend on how your CV is formatted, but you want to include all pertinent information.  For instance, if this poster received an award for "Best Citation," the following information should be listed on the CV:

Best Citation
“How much is your weight worth?”
Foundations of Modern Health Care Population Health Poster Day
December 2018